In yoga philosophy, what does "Yama" refer to?

Yama refers to a crucial aspect of yoga philosophy that encompasses ethical standards and moral values. It is the first of the eight limbs of yoga as outlined in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Yama provides a framework for how individuals should conduct themselves in relation to others and the world around them.

This concept includes principles such as non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), moderation (brahmacharya), and non-possessiveness (aparigraha). These ethical guidelines help practitioners cultivate a sense of integrity and respect both within themselves and in their interactions with others, which is fundamental to personal growth and the practice of yoga.

In contrast, the other options such as meditative practices, breathing techniques, and physical postures pertain to different aspects of the broader practice of yoga. While these elements are indeed important in a comprehensive yoga practice, they do not relate directly to Yama, which specifically addresses the ethical and moral framework that underlies the practice.